[help] inglese urgente
Mi rimetto a voi, compagni di mille spammate, insulti, gioie, gioco, fappate e quant'altro.
Sono nella merda più totale, devo finire la traduzione di alcune slides di economia, e mi ritrovo nel pallone più totale. Se c'è qualche anima pia disposta ad aiutarmi, posto qui alcune delle parti che mi mancano.
7.Promote the speed of innovation and flexibility:
Accelerate the time of changes by reducing the adjustment costs or switching costs in the change of the various links of the knowledge and innovation networks and increase their flexibility. Governance aims to decrease the adjustment costs in the change of the links between the nodes of innovation networks and to promote iterative and interactive adjustments, rather than general and static optimization, as systematic incremental innovation may bring to systematic radical innovation in the long term.
8. Adopt more hierarchical forms of organization and identify leaders and a strategy:
Innovation policies should promote the evolution from informal to formal routines, from communities or from "ecological" networks and "identity" networks to "strategic" networks. The design and organization of strategic projects in existing clusters and regional innovation systems is preferable to the creation of new organizations and new clusters.
II. From the distribution of R&D public funds to the connection of innovative capabilities.
Innovation policies should orient the working of knowledge and innovation networks in medium technology sectors by enhancing and connecting the capabilities and the behaviours of the various actors, as indicated in the Territorial Knowledge Management approach. That implies to facilitate the following functions and capabilities.
1. Respond to the demand of markets and sectors:
Innovation stimulus in medium technology sectors is driven by the demand of clients and markets rather than being supplier dominated. Innovation should be more oriented to solve localized problems than being pushed by the application of scientific discoveries.
2. Promote receptivity and attractivity:
Promote "cognitive proximity", rather than just georgraphical accessiblity and transfer of codified knowledge, and promote interactive learning between the workers, experts and entrepreneurs in the firms, aimed at the creation of collective tacit knowledge.
3. Promote the building of a common identify, trust, the consensus on common values:
Governance aims to promote cooperation and innovation, differently form a free market approach focusing on competition and price flexibility. Trust and networks are required for insuring lower transaction costs, lower information asymmetries and the sharing of tacit knowledge and allow interactive learning in local innovation networks. Innovation policies should promote join investments and commitment to long term investment in innovate projects, based on the alignment to common goals and ex ante coordination rather than just commercial short therm exchange and subcontracting.
4. Enhance the creative capabilities and the diversity of the actors in innovation networks:
Innovation policies should focus on the capability to originally combine complementary knowledge components and allow the creative destruction of old technologies, and not only promote technology transfers, imitation and adoption, incremental increase of fixed capital and financig of R&D.
5. Promote the capabilities of collective governance:
Innovation policy should adopt a multilevel governance approach, which is based on negotations and it represents an alternative to the free market model and the planning policy-making model, based on competition and hierarchical control. The key questions in multilevel governance are "how" and "who" rather than "what" to do.
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Originally Posted by Kuroko
